The segregation of cells into different layers in development is strongly shaped by ______, while the transformation of the human hand from its webbed to its five-fingered form is strongly shaped by

a. morphogens; neural crest cells

b. cell adhesion; apoptosis

c. homeobox sequences; morphogens

d. apoptosis; cell adhesion

e. induction; neural crest cells

The “input” into each kidney is _______ that flows through one of the body’s _______. The “output” from each kidney is _______ that flows into one of the body’s _______ and urine that flows into the _______.

The working unit of the kidneys is the nephron, composed of a nephron tubule, its associated _______, and the fluid in which both are immersed.

Nephrons work by means of retaining _______ within the nephron tubules while returning water and nutrients to the _______.

Most of the lipids we consume are com posed of molecules called triglycerides, which in turn are composed of a molecule called glycerol and three ______.

As we move from unsaturated to saturated fatty acids, we move in a general way from _______, which are dietary lipids that are liquid at room temperature, to _______, which are dietary lipids that are solid at room temperature.

Most saturated fats have a(n) _______ source, while most monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats have a(n) _______ source.

In nutrition, each calorie is defined as the amount of _______ required to raise the temperature of a _______ of water by _______.

There are three principal classes of dietary carbohydrates: _______, _______, and _______.

Each gram of lipids yields _______ calories of _______, while each gram of carbohydrates or proteins yields _______ calories.

To say that a carbohydrate is a source of “empty calories” is to say that it provides very few _______ or _______.