In autoimmune disorders, the immune system (select all that apply):

a. attacks some microbes, but not others.

b. uses only its innate defenses.

c. fails to distinguish self from non-self.

d. fails to produce memory cells.

e. attacks the body’s own tissues.

______is a hormone that promotes the transport of glucose from the bloodstream into cells, while ______ is a hormone that does the reverse. Both hormones are secreted by cells in the______.

In muscle and liver cells, individual glucose molecules can be linked together to form the glucose storage molecule ______, which can later be broken up through the action of the hormone _____.

The hormone cortisol is produced in the cortex of the ______ and normally functions to transform energy molecules, taking them out of ______ forms and putting them into forms that can be ______.

Almost all hormone secretion is regulated through the mechanism of _______. The endocrine system’s use of this mechanism is a key factor in producing homeostasis in the human body, meaning its maintenance of a relatively _______ internal environment.

The part of the brain called the_______ controls much of the activity of the endocrine system through its regulation of hormone release in three glands, the _______and ________ pituitary glands and the medulla of the _______ glands.

Five of the six hormones produced by the _______pituitary gland control the release of hormones produced by________.

Hormones are substances secreted by one set of ________ that move through the ________and affect the activities of other

Hormone production takes place to a significant extent within _______ glands, defined as glands that release their materials directly into the _______ or surrounding tissue, without the use of ducts.

Hormones can be thought of as coming in three principal classes: _______based, _______, and ________ hormones. The largest class of hormones is the _____ hormones, while the slowest acting are the ________hormones.

Pancreatic beta cells can sense high levels of circulating glucose and, in response, secrete insulin, which helps move glucose out of circulation. These cells can likewise sense the resulting low circulating glucose levels, and when they do, they reduce their secretion of insulin. This is negative feedback in action; the product of beta cell activity (insulin) ultimately has the effect of reducing beta cell activity. Why does the body constantly utilize negative feedback to maintain the stable state called homeostasis? Why couldn’t it use positive feedback instead?