Phototropism and gravitropism lead to the bending of shoots or roots toward or away from a stimulus (light or gravity, respectively). Such bending is brought about by:

a. increased growth over the general surface of the root or shoot.

b. differential growth on opposite sides of the root or shoot.

c. muscular contractions, leading to a curvature in the root or shoot.

d. loss of water into the atmosphere.

e. all of the above.

Photoperiodism allows some plants to respond to _________ by timing such things as ________ in accordance with the amount of _________ they are exposed to.

a. predators; dormancy; moisture

b. competition; growth; moisture

c. the seasons; growth; toxins

d. other plants; flowering; IAA

e. the seasons; flowering; darkness

In closed circulation systems, blood ____________ blood vessels, while in open circulation systems, it ___________ to bathe surrounding tissues.

Insects and crustaceans have a skeleton different from ours. Theirs is an ____________: a skeleton that forms an ____________ on an animal body.

Animals with an exoskeleton are able to continue to grow by employing the practice of ____________, which can be defined as____________.

With respect to egg fertilization and protection, the primitive, ancestral state in the animal kingdom is believed to be one in which eggs and sperm are _________ into water and brought together by water currents, after which parents provide ________ care to fertilized eggs.

The more complex the animal in the animal kingdom, the ________ the number of eggs that are likely to be produced and the _________ amount of care parents are likely to provide to fertilized eggs.

The amniotic egg, which evolved in ________, was important because it allowed eggs to be laid ________.

Sexual reproduction in animals entails a fusion of ____________ and ____________ from different individuals.

Budding, fission, and parthenogenesis are all forms of _________ practiced by animals. In parthenogenesis, an ____________ develops into an adult organism.

An animal that possesses both male and female sex organs is known as a ________.