In a hydrostatic skeleton, the force of muscular contraction is applied through:

a. a skeleton external to the muscles.

b. a skeleton that will be shed through molting.

c. a skeleton internal to the muscles.

d. a fluid.

e. a circulation system.

A lichen is a composite organism, always composed of a ________ and either ________ or _________.

In a lichen, the ________ is providing the ________ or ____________ with water, carbon dioxide, minerals, and protection from the elements.

The cooperative associations called mycorrhizae provide the ________ with sugars, while providing the ________ with water and minerals.

A _______ is a reproductive cell that can develop into a new organism without fusing with another reproductive cell.

Most fungi are capable of reproducing in cycles that are carried out entirely through simple cell division or mitosis. When fungi reproduce through this means, they are carrying out ________ reproduction.

Most fungi are multicelled organisms that take the form of a web of filaments called hyphae. However, three of the four fungal phyla also have single-celled species that collectively are referred to as ________.

The essential structure of most fungi is a set of slender filaments called ________ that collectively make up a structure called a ________.

Which of the following is not a characteristic of fungi: (a) usually fixed in one spot; (b) make their own food; (c) tend to be multicellular?

Fungi are indispensable to the natural world because of their role in________.

Vaginal yeast infections are caused by the fungus Candida albicans, which is one of a community of microorganisms that are always present in the vagina in low concentrations. One of the factors that can bring about a yeast infection is the initiation of the use of certain antibiotics. Why would the use of antibiotics foster an unhealthy multiplication of C. albicans in the vagina?