To judge by fossil remains and other evidence, the “Lucy” hominin Australopithecus afarensis appears to (select all that apply):

a. have been bipedal.

b. have been about as intelligent as modern humans.

c. have existed roughly 3.2 million years ago.

d. have been replaced by modern humans.

e. have existed roughly 1.6 million years ago.

The first hominin species to leave Africa:

a. was Homo sapiens, 50,000-60,000 years ago.

b. was Homo neanderthalensis 350,000 years ago.

c. was Australopithecus afarensis roughly 3.2 million years ago.

d. was Homo erectus roughly 1.8 million years ago.

e. was Homo sapiens roughly 1.8 million years ago.

Neanderthals (select all that apply):

a. first evolved in Africa.

b. first evolved in Europe.

c. died out in Indonesia.

d. became extinct after a period of living in proximity to Homo sapiens.

e. died out 28,000 years ago.

Homo sapiens or modern humans (select all that apply):

a. evolved into their present anatomical form in Africa.

b. first migrated out of Africa 1.8 million years ago.

c. never interbred with Neanderthals.

d. went north and west, into Europe, on their first migration out of Africa.

e. first appeared in Africa about 200,000 years ago.

The “Hobbit” species that has been named Homo floresiensis (select all that apply):

a. lived in present-day Indonesia.

b. was arguably a Neanderthal.

c. was arguably a modern human suffering from a physical condition.

d. is thought to have died out 28,000 years ago.

e. may represent a previously unknown species of hominin.

All plants are thought to have evolved from water-dwelling ______.

All land-dwelling vertebrates are _____, which evolved from ______.

The amniotic egg that came about in reptile evolution was important because it could be laid ______.

Life has three domains, and one of these domains has four kingdoms within it. Name both the domains and the kingdoms.

Life is thought to have begun as early as ______ years ago. One important event that took place in the long, early time span called the Precambrian was the appearance of ____ in Earth’s atmosphere, all of it produced as a by-product of photosynthesis carried out by a type of ______.

The Cambrian Explosion was an explosion in the number of ______ life-forms.