1. Thermodynamics is not concerned about______.
   • (i) energy changes involved in a chemical reaction.
   • (ii) the extent to which a chemical reaction proceeds.
   • (iii) the rate at which a reaction proceeds.
   • (iv) the feasibility of a chemical reaction.

What is the force between two small charged spheres having charges of 2 × 10^–7C and 3 × 10^–7 C placed 30 cm apart in the air?

The electrostatic force on a small sphere of charge 0.4 µC due to another small sphere of charge –0.8 µC in the air is 0.2 N.

(a) What is the distance between the two spheres?

(b) What is the force on the second sphere due to the first?

Check that the ratio ke²/G m_em_p is dimensionless. Look up a Table of Physical Constants and determine the value of this ratio. What does the ratio signify?

 (i) Explain the meaning of the statement ‘electric charge of a body is quantised’.
(ii) Why can one ignore quantisation of electric charge when dealing with macroscopic i.e., large scale charges?

When a glass rod is rubbed with a silk cloth, charges appear on both. A similar phenomenon is observed with many other pairs of bodies. Explain how this observation is consistent with the law of conservation of charge.

(i) An electrostatic field line is a continuous curve. That is, a field line cannot have sudden breaks. Why not?

(ii) Explain why two field lines never cross each other at any point.

 Two point charges q_A = 3 µC and q_B= –3 µC are located 20 cm apart in a vacuum.

(i) What is the electric field at the midpoint O of the line AB joining the two charges?

(ii) If a negative test charge of magnitude 1.5 × 10^–9 C is placed at this point, what is the force experienced by the test charge?

A polythene piece rubbed with wool is found to have a negative charge of 3×10^-7C.

(i) Estimate the number of electrons transferred (from which to which?)

(ii) Is there a transfer of mass from wool to polythene?

(i) Two insulated charged copper spheres A and B have their centres
separated by a distance of 50 cm. What is the mutual force of electrostatic repulsion if the charge on each is 6.5×10−7C each? The radii of A and B are negligible compared to the distance of separation.

(ii) What is the force of repulsion if each sphere is charged double the above amount, and the distance between them is halved?

Suppose the spheres A and B in Exercise 12 have identical sizes. A third sphere of the same size but uncharged is brought in contact with the first, then brought in contact with the second, and finally
removed from both. What is the new force of repulsion between A and B?