The female Atlantic oyster (Crassostrea virginica) can produce up to 100 million eggs per year, which she broadcasts into the water and provides no care for thereafter. By contrast, a human female will release 13 eggs per year on average (through ovulation), but in most cases will provide years of care to that small fraction of eggs that become fertilized and develop into babies. Why, with movement up the complexity scale in the animal kingdom, does a trend exist toward fewer eggs but greater parental care for each offspring?

A coelom is:

a. an enclosed body cavity, not found in sponges, cnidarians, or flatworms.

b. an enclosed body cavity, found only in vertebrates.

c. a digestive organ, found in all animals except sponges.

d. an example of a type of tissue.

e. an offspring that arises from asexual reproduction.

In earthworms, we can see a clear example of the widespread animal feature known as:

a. filter feeding.

b. body segmentation.

c. viviparous reproduction.

d. a post-anal tail.

e. a radula.

If an animal has an exoslceleton, paired jointed appendages, and goes through the process of molting, it is:

a. a segmented worm.

b. a roundworm.

c. a chordate.

d. a cnidarian.

e. an arthropod.

Forms of asexual reproduction found in the animal kingdom include (select all that apply):

a. binary fission.

b. fission.

c. budding.

d. copulation.

e. parthenogenesis.

Larger animals, such as vertebrates and large molluscs (squid, octopus) have _____ circulation systems, while arthropods and smaller molluscs (snails) have _____ circulation systems.

a. closed; open

b. closed; no

c. open; closed

d. open; no

e. open; open

In a hydrostatic skeleton, the force of muscular contraction is applied through:

a. a skeleton external to the muscles.

b. a skeleton that will be shed through molting.

c. a skeleton internal to the muscles.

d. a fluid.

e. a circulation system.

A lichen is a composite organism, always composed of a ________ and either ________ or _________.

In a lichen, the ________ is providing the ________ or ____________ with water, carbon dioxide, minerals, and protection from the elements.

The cooperative associations called mycorrhizae provide the ________ with sugars, while providing the ________ with water and minerals.

A _______ is a reproductive cell that can develop into a new organism without fusing with another reproductive cell.