In his 1903 essay “Was the World Made for Man?” Mark Twain wrote, “If the Eiffel tower were now representing the world’s age, the skin of paint on the pinnacle-knob at its summit would represent man’s share of that age; and anybody would perceive that that skin was what the tower was built for. I reckon they would. I dunno.” Evaluate Twain’s words in light of what you have learned about the history of life on Earth.

The Hominini (select all that apply):

a. originated between 135,000 and 350,000 years ago.

b. includes one living species.

c. originated between 6 and 7 million years ago.

d. includes two living species.

e. shares a common ancestor with the chimpanzee taxonomic group.

To judge by fossil remains and other evidence, the “Lucy” hominin Australopithecus afarensis appears to (select all that apply):

a. have been bipedal.

b. have been about as intelligent as modern humans.

c. have existed roughly 3.2 million years ago.

d. have been replaced by modern humans.

e. have existed roughly 1.6 million years ago.

The first hominin species to leave Africa:

a. was Homo sapiens, 50,000-60,000 years ago.

b. was Homo neanderthalensis 350,000 years ago.

c. was Australopithecus afarensis roughly 3.2 million years ago.

d. was Homo erectus roughly 1.8 million years ago.

e. was Homo sapiens roughly 1.8 million years ago.

Neanderthals (select all that apply):

a. first evolved in Africa.

b. first evolved in Europe.

c. died out in Indonesia.

d. became extinct after a period of living in proximity to Homo sapiens.

e. died out 28,000 years ago.

Homo sapiens or modern humans (select all that apply):

a. evolved into their present anatomical form in Africa.

b. first migrated out of Africa 1.8 million years ago.

c. never interbred with Neanderthals.

d. went north and west, into Europe, on their first migration out of Africa.

e. first appeared in Africa about 200,000 years ago.

The “Hobbit” species that has been named Homo floresiensis (select all that apply):

a. lived in present-day Indonesia.

b. was arguably a Neanderthal.

c. was arguably a modern human suffering from a physical condition.

d. is thought to have died out 28,000 years ago.

e. may represent a previously unknown species of hominin.

All plants are thought to have evolved from water-dwelling ______.

All land-dwelling vertebrates are _____, which evolved from ______.

The amniotic egg that came about in reptile evolution was important because it could be laid ______.

Life has three domains, and one of these domains has four kingdoms within it. Name both the domains and the kingdoms.